Shaken bubbles move sideways in a surprising galloping motion, opening new possibilities for technology and science.

A team led by researchers at UNC-Chapel Hill has made an extraordinary discovery that is reshaping our understanding of bubbles and their movement. Imagine tiny air bubbles inside a liquid-filled container. When the container is shaken up and down, these bubbles exhibit an unexpected, rhythmic “galloping” motion—bouncing like playful horses and moving horizontally, despite the vertical shaking. This counterintuitive phenomenon, revealed in a new study, has significant technological implications, from improving surface cleaning and heat transfer in microchips to advancing space applications.

These galloping bubbles are already drawing significant attention. Their impact on fluid dynamics was recently recognized with an award for their video entry at the latest Gallery of Fluid Motion, organized by the American Physical Society.

“Our research not only answers a fundamental scientific question but also inspires curiosity and exploration of the fascinating, unseen world of fluid motion,” said Pedro Sáenz, principal investigator and professor of applied mathematics at UNC-Chapel Hill. “After all, the smallest things can sometimes lead to the biggest changes.”

A Simple Question, A Revolutionary Answer

In collaboration with a colleague at Princeton University, the research team sought to answer a seemingly simple question: Could shaking bubbles up and down make them move continuously in one direction?

To their surprise, not only did the bubbles move—but they did so perpendicularly to the direction of shaking. This means that vertical vibrations were spontaneously transformed into persistent horizontal motion, something that defies common intuition in physics. Moreover, by adjusting the shaking frequency and amplitude, the researchers discovered that bubbles could transition between different movement patterns: straight-line motion, circular paths, and chaotic zigzagging reminiscent of bacterial search strategies.

“This discovery transforms our understanding of bubble dynamics, which is usually unpredictable, into a controlled and versatile phenomenon with far-reaching applications in heat transfer, microfluidics, and other technologies,” explained Connor Magoon, joint first author and graduate student in mathematics at UNC-Chapel Hill.

Future Innovations and Real-World Applications

Bubbles play a key role in a vast range of everyday processes, from the fizz in soft drinks to climate regulation and industrial applications such as cooling systems, water treatment, and chemical production.

Controlling bubble movement has long been a challenge across multiple fields, but this study introduces an entirely new method: leveraging a fluid instability to direct bubbles in precise ways.

One immediate application is in cooling systems for microchips. On Earth, buoyancy naturally removes bubbles from heated surfaces, preventing overheating. However, in microgravity environments such as space, there is no buoyancy, making bubble removal a major issue. This newly discovered method allows bubbles to be actively removed without relying on gravity, which can enable improved heat transfer in satellites and space-based electronics.

Another breakthrough is in surface cleaning. Proof-of-concept experiments show that ‘galloping bubbles’ can clean dusty surfaces by bouncing and zigzagging across them, like a tiny Roomba. The ability to manipulate bubble motion in this way could lead to innovations in industrial cleaning and biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery.

“The newly discovered self-propulsion mechanism allows bubbles to travel distances and gives them an unprecedented capacity to navigate intricate fluid networks,” said Saiful Tamim, joint first author and postdoctoral research assistant at UNC-Chapel Hill. “This could offer solutions to long-standing challenges in heat transfer, surface cleaning, and even inspire new soft robotic systems.”

A Leap Forward in Bubble Research

Bubbles have fascinated scientists for centuries. Leonardo da Vinci was among the first to document their erratic paths, describing how they spiral unpredictably rather than rising straight up. Until now, controlling bubble motion has remained a challenge, with available approaches being few and lacking versatility. This new research changes that perspective, demonstrating that bubbles can be guided along predictable paths using carefully tuned vibrations.

“It’s fascinating to see something as simple as a bubble reveal such complex and surprising behavior,” said Jian Hui Guan, joint first author and postdoctoral research assistant at UNC-Chapel Hill. “By harnessing a new method to move bubbles, we’ve unlocked possibilities for innovation in fields ranging from microfluidics to heat transfer.”

The discovery of galloping bubbles represents a significant leap forward in our understanding of bubble dynamics, with implications stretching across industries. As researchers continue to explore and refine this phenomenon, the world may soon see new technologies that harness the power of these tiny, acrobatic bubbles.

Reference: “Galloping Bubbles” by Jian H. Guan, Saiful I. Tamim, Connor W. Magoon, Howard A. Stone and Pedro J. Sáenz, 12 February 2025, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56611-5